States that have a significantly larger 𝑥-component than 𝑦-component have a sense of urgency. The greater the 𝑥-component (in the positive or negative direction) relative to the magnitude of the vector, the greater the urgency of the state. The more urgent a state, the closer its vector will be to the impulse axis in the plane. In Pathoscape, urgency gives states a feeling of impulsivity, prompting action without reflection. A feeling state that is urgent is the result of appraisal of a stimulus that has characteristics of urgency (such as novelty or unexpectedness/suddenness, for instance). In this model, a sense of urgency regarding a stimulus with potential value (quadrants I & III) is associated with expectations about opportunities and threats, while a sense of urgency regarding a stimulus with actual value (quadrants II & IV) is associated with surprises about rewards and punishments (red in the top figure). These expectations and surprises about the value of a stimulus are distinct from any unexpectedness/suddenness of a stimulus that can also cause a state to be urgent. These feelings of anticipation and surprise may lead to urgent states by making the stimulus more salient and preferentially recruiting exogenous (stimulus-driven) attention. In quadrant I, a sense of positive expectation means early appraisal of the stimulus signals that reward prediction should be greater than is typically the case, indicative of an opportunity. These states are characterized by feelings ranging from eagerness to positive extroversion, as urgency increases. In quadrant III, a sense of negative expectation means early appraisal of the stimulus signals that reward prediction should be less than is typically the case, indicative of a threat. These states are characterized by feelings ranging from anxiety to negative introversion, as urgency increases. In quadrant II, a sense of positive surprise means early appraisal of the stimulus signals that actuality is more rewarding than the reward prediction, indicative of gaining undue reward. These states are characterized by feelings ranging from fondness to positive introversion, as urgency increases. In quadrant IV, a sense of negative surprise means early appraisal of the stimulus signals that actuality is less rewarding than the reward prediction, indicative of incurring undue punishment. These states are characterized by feelings ranging from hostility to negative extroversion, as urgency increases. All four cases draw attention involuntarily and lead to rapid processing. I believe the greater the involvement of exogenous attention, the more urgent the resulting state feels. The more urgent a state feels, the stronger the directional impulse that accompanies the state. I speculate exogenous attention modulates perception of emotions after appraisal of urgency, and that cognitive interpretation of this activity helps define emotional states. After primary appraisal narrows down the location of a state to one quadrant, subsequent appraisal of urgency-related factors further specifies how close the state's vector will be to the impulse dimension in the plane.

     States that have a significantly larger 𝑦-component than 𝑥-component have a sense of agency, i.e. the feelings of personal responsibility and control a subject has in a situation. The greater the 𝑦-component (in the positive or negative direction) relative to the magnitude of the vector, the greater the agency of the state. The greater the sense of agency a state has, the closer its vector will be located to the protovalence axis in the plane. A state with a sense of agency results from appraisal of a stimulus that has characteristics of agency (such as current goal-relevance or controllability). In this model, a sense of potential agency (quadrants I & III) is termed potency, while a sense of actual agency (quadrants II & IV) is termed efficacy (green in the top figure). Feelings of potency and efficacy may lead to states with an increased sense of agency by making the stimulus more relevant to personal goals and preferentially recruiting endogenous (concept-driven) attention. As with urgency, expectation and surprise play a role in agency. In quadrant I, a sense of positive potency means that positive agency is expected, due to significant or adequate progress toward achieving a goal. With a strong sense of positive potency, states are accompanied by a sense of liberation, and comprise feeling states ranging from optimism to joy, as agency is expected to increase. In quadrant III, a sense of negative potency means that negative agency is expected, due to low progress or regression in working toward a goal. With a strong sense of negative potency, states are accompanied by a sense of oppression, and comprise feeling states ranging from pessimism to misery, as agency is expected to increase. In quadrant II, a sense of positive efficacy means positive agency has been actualized, due to perceived success in working toward a goal. With a strong sense of positive efficacy, states are accompanied by a sense of rejoicing, and comprise feeling states ranging from cheer to joy, as surprise about agency increases. In quadrant IV, a sense of negative efficacy means negative agency has been actualized, due to perceived failure in working toward a goal. With a strong sense of negative efficacy, states are accompanied by a sense of mourning, and comprise feeling states ranging from sorrow to misery, as surprise about agency increases. Appraisal of agency recruits endogenous attention and leads to relatively slower processing. I speculate endogenous attention modulates perception of emotions after appraisal of agency, and that cognitive interpretation of this activity helps define emotional states. After primary appraisal narrows down the location of a state to one quadrant, subsequent appraisal of agency-related factors further specifies how close the state's vector will be to the protovalence dimension in the plane.

     States that have 𝑥-components near in value to 𝑦-components are less associated with a sense of urgency or a sense of agency. These middling states reflect the action tendencies in each quadrant. In quadrant I, where the action tendency is to approach in order to attain some potentially positive aspect of the stimulus, these states are characterized by receptivity. In quadrant III, where the action tendency is to withdraw in order to avoid some potentially negative aspect of the stimulus, these states are characterized by aversion. In quadrant II, where the action tendency is to embrace in order to sustain some actually positive aspect of the stimulus, these states are characterized by appreciation. In quadrant IV, where the action tendency is to expel in order to reject some actually negative aspect of the stimulus, these states are characterized by bitterness.